![]() ![]() In fact, environmental control has become a study and technique in the metallurgical engineering industry. Despite substantial attempts by these industrial sectors to reduce global environmental impacts, there is a constant demand for new technology fresh technology to reduce CO 2, boost efficiency in recycling waste, and produce clean gaseous and liquid effluents. Steelmaking and galvanizing processes generate a wide range of waste with varying class, volume, and toxicity. ![]() Pollution is produced by all industrial activity, and the steel industry is no exception. ĬO 2 emissions in an integrated steel mill. The steelmaking pathway has the largest energy consumption and associated CO 2 emissions, with 12.31 Gj/tHM and 1.22 t CO 2/tHM. The iron-making processes of blast furnace, sintering, and coke making account for about 90% of the total. As shown in Figure 1, the BF-BOF routes produces one tonne of hot-rolled coil, while emitting approximately 1.8 tonnes of CO 2. The mini-mill approach, which accounts for 25% of global steel production, comprises of EAF in which recycled steel crap is melted and then cast into semi-finished slab, billet or bloom form. The integrated steel production BF-BOF route is the most crucial steel production route, accounting for roughly 70% of global steel production. Steel and iron are manufactured from the metallurgical industry, which is classified into three major routes namely blast furnace (BF), basic oxygen furnace (BOF) and electric arc furnace (EAF). ![]() Steel production emits roughly 1.8 t CO 2 per tonne, while the total energy demand of steel production is 21.0–35.4 GJ/t steel. The manufacturing sector in the EU is responsible for 4.7% of total CO 2 emission (182 million tonnes) and about 27% of CO 2 emissions from the worldwide manufacturing sector. As a result, the steel industry contributes about 6.7 percent of the total global CO 2 emissions. Since the majority of steelmaking operations are still coal-based and heavily reliant on fossils fuels, such as oil and diesel, significant volumes of CO 2 emissions are emitted. The steelmaking industry has become the second-largest energy consuming process in global industrial sectors and emits huge amounts of environmentally harmful substances, such as dust, sulphur dioxide (SO 2), nitrogen oxides (NO x), and carbon dioxide (CO 2). In comparison, China’s crude steel production reached 627 million tonnes in 2010, demonstrating that steel is in great demand as a result of growing industrialization and urbanization. Despite producing half of the world’s steel (996 million tonnes), China only export 6% of its output (64 million tonnes), mainly to other Asian countries in 2019. It is worth noting that, in 2019, 88% of steel produced in the EU (139 million tonnes) was traded outside of the country of origin, with 111 million tonnes (70% of production) traded on the EU internal market and 28 million tonnes (18% of production) exported outside of the EU, primarily to other European countries (9 million tonnes) and North America (6 million tonnes). Steel is a globally traded commodity that is manufactured all over the world. Finally, this work presents some future research opportunities with regard to the potential of steel waste to be utilized as an alkali-activated material. This work also summarizes the utilization of steel waste for improving cement properties through an alkali activation system. ![]() This review focuses on the current developments over the last ten years in the steelmaking industry. To date, all of the steel waste has been incorporated into alkali activation system to enhance the properties. Numerous types of steel waste have been produced via three main production routes, including blast furnace, electric arc furnace, and basic oxygen furnace. The reduction in CO 2 emissions is normally fulfilled by recycling steel waste into alkali-activated cement. The metallurgical industry is under enormous pressure to reduce CO 2 emissions as a result of growing environmental concerns about global warming. The steel industry is responsible for one-third of all global industrial CO 2 emissions, putting pressure on the industry to shift forward towards more environmentally friendly production methods. ![]()
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